United Nations

Open Access Article

1 - Role of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Regional and International Institutions
Nasrin Mosaffa جواد امین‌منصور

With the emergence of transnational and multilateral arrangements as major means of international negotiations and cooperation, questions have arisen about membership and participation in such arrangements: how to interact with them, and how to assess the impact of tran More

With the emergence of transnational and multilateral arrangements as major means of international negotiations and cooperation, questions have arisen about membership and participation in such arrangements: how to interact with them, and how to assess the impact of transnational institutions on national interests of member states. The present paper reviews the theoretical frameworks related to this issue before analyzing the role of the Islamic Republic of Iran in regional and international institutions and discussing the necessity of establishing a desirable and effective relations with international organizations. In doing this, the experience and scope of the presence and activities of the Islamic Republic of Iran in these organizations have been divided into three periods: from the victory of the Islamic Revolution to the end of the Iraq’s war against Iran in 1988; from 1989 to 2004, and from 2004 up to the present time. The paper enumerates common features of these three periods as well as their differences to delineate an overall picture of the Islamic Republic of Iran’s foreign policy with relation to regional and international institutions. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Victims of Peace: UN Responsibility and Remedial Mechanisms
ghasem zamani

Occasional violations of international law occur as the United Nations and its peacekeeping forces carry out their important responsibility and mission for protecting global peace and security. Remedial mechanisms become more complicated when the actions of peacekeeping More

Occasional violations of international law occur as the United Nations and its peacekeeping forces carry out their important responsibility and mission for protecting global peace and security. Remedial mechanisms become more complicated when the actions of peacekeeping forces are attributed to the UN as a result of certain principles of international responsibility. On the one hand, the UN’s responsibility toward victims of such violations requires the world body to be answerable while, on the other hand, its immunity to trial in national and transnational courts, has barred victims from taking legal action. Although the UN has taken steps to solve this problem in order to restore the credit it has lost as a result of the actions of its forces as well as its immunity, the proposed mechanisms have posed new challenges, thus, making the UN target of new criticism. Such criticism seems even more justified as a result of the promotion of human rights in international community and alterations in the aforesaid immunity. The present paper discusses the necessity of introducing new mechanisms or reforms by the UN which would make the existing mechanisms more efficient and fairer Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Major Powers and International Organizations; An Assessment of Developments in the Post-Cold War Era
سید محمدکاظم سجادپور

International organizations, as an outcome of actions and reactions in international politics, law and community since their very inception in the Twentieth Century, have always been significantly susceptible to the impact of the relations among major powers. The critic More

International organizations, as an outcome of actions and reactions in international politics, law and community since their very inception in the Twentieth Century, have always been significantly susceptible to the impact of the relations among major powers. The critical impact of these powers on the dynamism and efficiency of international organizations has not been in doubt. This has also been the case during the post-Cold War era. This paper undertakes to assess the impact of the relations among major powers on international organizations in the period following the end of the Cold War? To answer this question, a conceptual framework for understanding developments in international organizations has been offered first. Then, changes in relations among major powers since the end of the Cold War have been discussed. And finally, the paper has turned to the assessment of the qualitative and quantitative developments in international organizations from the vantage point of relations among the major powers. As argued in the paper, changes in the quality of relations among the major powers in the post-Cold War era have ushered both horizontal and vertical development in international organizations, especially when compared to previous eras, and have as a consequence led them to play a more important role in international relations. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - The Role of International Organizations in the Realization of the Right to Food
Farhad Talaie علی رزمخواه

The right to food, a basic right of every person, is the right to be free from hunger and have sustained access to food with acceptable quantity and quality which would meet their food and cultural needs. Although States are the main parties responsible for the realiz More

The right to food, a basic right of every person, is the right to be free from hunger and have sustained access to food with acceptable quantity and quality which would meet their food and cultural needs. Although States are the main parties responsible for the realization of human rights, both at domestic and international levels, increased activities of international organizations on an international scale, especially in the field of human rights, have raised questions as to the role of these organizations in realizing the human right to food and how they discharge that role. As argued in this paper, international organizations play an effective and unique role in the realization of the right to food at the international level. It is also noted that such international bodies address different aspects of the various issues related to the right to food. The paper concludes that the main goal of such activities is to realize the human right to food, especially for the poor people suffering the worst from unfavorable food security in the world. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Challenges Facing UN for Democratization of Ethnic-Religious Communities(Case study: UN action in Africa following the Cold War)
قدرت احمدیان ندا حیدری

The United Nations is the most important international organization which has been founded to protect peace and security especially in international arena. The UN considers protection of peace and democratization as an effective mechanism to reduce and limit conflicts, More

The United Nations is the most important international organization which has been founded to protect peace and security especially in international arena. The UN considers protection of peace and democratization as an effective mechanism to reduce and limit conflicts, especially in ethnic-religious communities. Following the Cold War, ethic-religious conflicts in Africa have become more intense. Since national governments have been unable to control such conflicts and the conflicts pose a threat to international security, international community has taken action to manage these conflicts. As such, the UN has embarked on democratization of African countries in the form of the second generation of peacekeeping operations. However, despite such efforts, the aforesaid conflicts have not been reduced, but continued unabated. Inefficiency of the UN model for management of conflicts is an important problem. The present research aims to find reasons behind the failure of the UN conflict management model; that is, democratization as a solution for ethnic-religious conflicts in Africa following the Cold War. The present article takes advantage of the theory of institutionalism for the analysis of transition to democracy before discussing reasons behind the failure of the UN action on democratization, failure of democratic rule, and continuation of conflicts in Africa. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Primacy in Relation Between the International Court of Justice and UN Security Council
همایون مافی وحید بذّار

Undoubtedly, United Nations is the most effective international organization that has played the most important role in relations between states and thus has acquired considerable prestige among the main subjects of international law (States). Security Council as the po More

Undoubtedly, United Nations is the most effective international organization that has played the most important role in relations between states and thus has acquired considerable prestige among the main subjects of international law (States). Security Council as the political body and International Court of Justice as the judicial body of the organization, have had an important role in achieving this prestige. However, the relationship between the two organs has been always discussed in various fields because of the silence of the UN Charter. By considering of subjects such the possibility of simultaneously raising an issue in the Court and Security Council, the possibility of handling of political issues in the Court and handling of legal issues in Security Council, the possibility of creation of jurisdiction for the Court by Security Council, and the possibility of judicial supervision of the Court on the Council, this article endeavored to response to the main challenge which are there precedence interrelation those? Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Prerequisites for the Introduction of Regional Arrangements to Maintain International Peace and Security
علی احدی کرنق Mehdi Hadadi

Regional arrangements which are covering a wide range of international institutions, despite some criticisms, were foreseen both in the League of Nations and the United Nations system in order that their capacity to be used to maintain international peace and security. More

Regional arrangements which are covering a wide range of international institutions, despite some criticisms, were foreseen both in the League of Nations and the United Nations system in order that their capacity to be used to maintain international peace and security. Accordingly, Chapter 8 of the United Nations Charter, while emphasizing the involvement of regional arrangements for the maintenance of regional peace and security, has laid down conditions and limits for their involvement. This article while paying attention to the role of regional arrangements in international peace and security, addresses the most important conditions and limits of these arrangements stipulated in the 8th chapter of the Charter. These conditions include: 1. Observance of the principles and objectives of the Charter: this is a condition for the coordination of the United Nations and regional arrangements for maintaining peace and security. 2. Enjoying the mechanism of the resolution of disputes: this condition suggests correspondence between the 6th and 7th chapters of the Charter of the United Nations, on the one hand, and the 8th chapter of the Charter. 3. Obtaining permission from the Security Council to take coercive measures: this condition is based on the primary responsibility of the Security Council for the maintenance of international peace and security. 4. Informing the Security Council: this condition is a complement to the previous condition. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - An analysis of the United Nations' Response to Drug Supply in Its Documents and Conventions
Mohammad Hassan Sheikhoeslami Ali Ghasemifard

Throughout the world, drug trafficking was considered legal until the nineteenth century. Early in the twentieth century, the international community became aware of the destructive power of these materials in human societies, witnessing the first massive efforts to res More

Throughout the world, drug trafficking was considered legal until the nineteenth century. Early in the twentieth century, the international community became aware of the destructive power of these materials in human societies, witnessing the first massive efforts to restrict the purchase and sale of narcotics in the world. Subsequently, and before the United Nations was formed, several other international conventions were concluded in the field of counter-narcotics. With the formation of the United Nations in 1945, the process of counter-narcotics has become more coherent, the main feature of which is the fight against the supply of narcotics. In this article, the authors by using the method of library research try to answer the question that which approaches the United Nations has adopted since its inception to fight against narcotics and what are their main components. By reviewing and analyzing the UN conventions, documents, and resolutions in the field of counter-narcotics, the authors conclude that the United Nations' approach until the 1980s was a violent, rigorous approach which was focused on the supply-side. After this decade, the United Nations' approach has slowly shifted away from this approach to adopt an approach which is focused on the demand-side. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - COVID-19 and United Nations Peacekeeping Forces: New Challenges piled on Old Constraints
Nasrin Mosaffa

UN Peacekeeping forces are operational arms of security council with military, civil, administration and police mandate, active for more than 70 years in different parts of the world, to maintain international peace and security. By taking into account their historical More

UN Peacekeeping forces are operational arms of security council with military, civil, administration and police mandate, active for more than 70 years in different parts of the world, to maintain international peace and security. By taking into account their historical experiences and lessons learnt from various challenges, this article considers the impact of COVID-19 global pandemic on UN Peacekeeping operations. By addressing the ways in which these forces dealt with pandemic related challenges and restrictions, it contextualizes it within their broader historical and institutional environment of adaptation. In short term, challenges emanating from COVID-19 intensifies the current challenges facing them. In longer term, it could trigger further institutional reassessment. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - COVID-19 and United Nations Peacekeeping Forces: New Challenges piled on Old Constraints
Nasrin Mosaffa

UN Peacekeeping forces are operational arms of security council with military, civil, administration and police mandate, active for more than 70 years in different parts of the world, to maintain international peace and security. By taking into account their historical More

UN Peacekeeping forces are operational arms of security council with military, civil, administration and police mandate, active for more than 70 years in different parts of the world, to maintain international peace and security. By taking into account their historical experiences and lessons learnt from various challenges, this article considers the impact of COVID-19 global pandemic on UN Peacekeeping operations. By addressing the ways in which these forces dealt with pandemic related challenges and restrictions, it contextualizes it within their broader historical and institutional environment of adaptation. In short term, challenges emanating from COVID-19 intensifies the current challenges facing them. In longer term, it could trigger further institutional reassessment. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - Primacy in Relation Between the International Court of Justice and UN Security Council
همایون مافی وحید بذّار

Undoubtedly, United Nations is the most effective international organization that has played the most important role in relations between states and thus has acquired considerable prestige among the main subjects of international law (States). Security Council as the po More

Undoubtedly, United Nations is the most effective international organization that has played the most important role in relations between states and thus has acquired considerable prestige among the main subjects of international law (States). Security Council as the political body and International Court of Justice as the judicial body of the organization, have had an important role in achieving this prestige. However, the relationship between the two organs has been always discussed in various fields because of the silence of the UN Charter. By considering of subjects such the possibility of simultaneously raising an issue in the Court and Security Council, the possibility of handling of political issues in the Court and handling of legal issues in Security Council, the possibility of creation of jurisdiction for the Court by Security Council, and the possibility of judicial supervision of the Court on the Council, this article endeavored to response to the main challenge which are there precedence interrelation those? Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - China's Foreign Policy and the Evolution of its Security Council Voting Behavior
Hamid salehi Emad Aslani Minareh Bazaari

To understand the behavior of governments, one of the most important areas of study is the views and opinions that are expressed by them in international organizations. China is Iran's most important trading partner, and examining its votes in the UN Security Council co More

To understand the behavior of governments, one of the most important areas of study is the views and opinions that are expressed by them in international organizations. China is Iran's most important trading partner, and examining its votes in the UN Security Council could make prediction of its performance much more accurate in the face of developments in the region. In other words, by paying close attention to China's voting behavior in the UN Security Council, we can achieve a precise understanding about the gradual evolution of China's votes in the Security Council. This has made it especially important to know the country's voting framework in the Security Council. In this article, we try to examine the evolution of China's votes in the Security Council from a constructivist point of view and a pragmatic approach. The question we are trying to answer in this article is what will happen to China's foreign policy in light of the changes happened within China's voting behavior in framework of the Security Council? The hypothesis we introduce in response to this question is that the evolution of China's vote in the Security Council indicates an increase in influence and the creation of a network of Chinese allies in regional organizations. China is seeking to use its veto power to enhance its role as an emerging economic, security and political power on different international occasions and to achieve some sort of political-economic deterrent against US destructive-sanctions measures and, on the other hand, promote Chinese norms through the use of international expansion organizations in the international arena. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - Studying Peace in the Documents and Procedures of FIFA
Hamidreza Akbarpoor

The Fédération Internationale de Football Association is a non-governmental international organization that plays an active role in the international society, particularly in the realization of its goals including peacebuilding. This study aimed to examine the role of " More

The Fédération Internationale de Football Association is a non-governmental international organization that plays an active role in the international society, particularly in the realization of its goals including peacebuilding. This study aimed to examine the role of "FIFA" in building and establishing peace and the way a sports organization could influence world peacebuilding. A further question was the basis of FIFA’s participation in world peace. The answer to this question lies in 1980s when FIFA reconsidered its macro-level goals and was converted into a multi-aspect organization. Accordingly, the participation of FIFA began in 1980s in collaboration with other international organizations active in peacebuilding such as the United Nations and its sub-organizations such as United Nations Office on Sport for Development and Peace and UNICEF as well as non-governmental organizations such as Football for Peace. Several articles in FIFA’s Statue specify its active presence in different fields including human rights and elimination of racial and gender discriminations. This, in its turn, provides a space for peacebuilding in difficult conditions. The procedures of FIFA also indicate its high potential and influential role in peacebuilding and establishing peace in crisis-ridden areas in the Balkans, Palestine, Afghanistan, Africa, and other places in the world through joint programs such as “Unity for Peace, United for Peace”, “Football Friends”, “Football for Hope” and “Football for Peace”. Today, FIFA’s outlook is focused more than ever on peace and activities for peacebuilding. This is more tangible considering the developments in relations with other organizations active in peacebuilding and the significance of FIFA’s social responsibility. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

14 - UN Preventive Diplomacy and International Peace After the Cold War
Amir Hooshang Mirkooshesh ramtin rezaii

With the end of the Cold War and the bipolar system of international relations and consequently the establishment of international peace, the international system has undergone profound changes and has experienced new features and variables. According to this paper, the More

With the end of the Cold War and the bipolar system of international relations and consequently the establishment of international peace, the international system has undergone profound changes and has experienced new features and variables. According to this paper, the concept of international peace has been in a very critical and deplorable state since the 1990s, and the mechanisms for achieving peace, including the United Nations' preventive diplomacy as the sole institution for the realization of international peace was both ineffective and inefficient in preventing bloody conflicts and large-scale genocides in comparison with the Cold War era. This article seeks to answer the question that how is the performance of UN preventive diplomacy assessed in the post-Cold War era? In response to this question, it is hypothesized that the performance of UN preventive diplomacy in the post-Cold War era has not been successful due to its weakness and inefficiency in resolving armed conflicts in order to achieve international peace. Manuscript profile

Current Issue

Published Issues

Menu

Browse

List of Articles United Nations